To measure public presentation of coatings right quality of informations is required. Assorted proving processs are adopted to garner these informations.
Here abrasion testing, hardness testing and scanning negatron microscopy are used. The aims of these trials are to happen critical burden at which surfacing fails, to happen hardness of specimen, to place coating and substrate stuff.
With aid of SEM thickness of coating is identified. A brief debut is besides given on surfacing deposition process.
Surface technology includes probe of technology surfaces in comparative gesture and of related topics and atoms. In other word it is the survey of inordinate contact emphasiss which cause distortion of surfaces and failure of the constituents. Therefore surface technology aid to bring forth constituents with the surfaces that can defy these emphasiss.
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Surface technology can be defined as the application of the both traditional and advanced surface engineerings to bring forth a composite stuff with belongingss unachievable in either the base or surface stuff separately. ( Engineering Tribology, John Williams, 67, Cambridge 2005 )
Coatings
Coating used on sample no.26 is CrN
CrN is a tough thin movie surfacing with high hardness, good oxidization opposition, and a low coefficient of clash for a ceramic coating doing it ideal for metal and plastic forming applications. CrN is besides more corrosion resistant than TiN, particularly in aqueous solutions and is used as a direct replacement for Cr plating. The hardness of the CrN coating is about 2x that of conventional “ difficult ” chrome plating.
CrN coatings are produced by cathodic arc deposition procedure which is a physical vapor deposition procedure.
In arc vaporization procedure a high current, low electromotive force discharge is work stoppages on surface of cathode i.e. mark, which gives rise to a little extremely energetic country normally few micrometers broad known as ‘cathodic topographic point ‘ . The temperature at this topographic point is really high around 1500 A°C which creates a high speed jet of vaporised cathode stuff. The cathode topographic point is merely active for a short period of clip, so it self-extinguishes and re-ignites in a new country near to the old crater. This behavior causes the evident gesture of the discharge. As the discharge is fundamentally a current carrying music director it can be influenced by the application of anA electromagnetic field, which in pattern is used to quickly travel the discharge over the full surface of the mark, so that the entire surface is eroded over clip. One downside of the arc vaporization procedure is that if the cathode topographic point stays at an evaporative point for excessively long it can chuck out a big sum of macro-particles orA droplets. These droplets are damaging to the public presentation of the coating as they are ill adhered and can widen through the coating. Worse still if the cathode mark stuff has a low runing point such asA aluminiumA the cathode topographic point can vaporize through the mark ensuing in either the mark endorsing plate stuff being evaporated or chilling H2O come ining the chamber. ThereforeA magnetic fieldsA as mentioned antecedently are used to command the gesture of the discharge.
Introduction to experimental techniques:
Several experimental trials like micro-hardness trials, abrasion trials, scanning negatron microscopy are being used to mensurate the mechanical belongingss of a coating.
Abrasion proving
Adhesion is the most of import belongings of surfacing. Scratch testing is designed to measure the adhesive belongingss.
A diamond indenter is drawn across the coated surface while the lading rate is increasing with a changeless rate, the indenter move with a changeless speed. The increasing applied burden causes addition in contact emphasiss and eventually take to damage the coating and splintering of the coating from the substrate. The burden in which the coating starts to fracture is called critical burden ( Lc ) which is of import to find the surfacing adhesive belongingss.
Failure due to fictile distortion occurs in soft coating on difficult substrate, whereas in difficult coatings failure can be seen in footings of splintering, surfacing withdrawal, through thickness snap
The failure of the coating can be detected merely by utilizing SEM. And with a simple analogy of the consequences with the ‘Atlas of Scratch Test Failure Mode ‘ the failure manner could be determined which gives comparative information about adhesive belongingss.
Hardness proving
Indentation hardness is a non-destructive trial used to measure the hardness of a stuff and step the strength of the stuff in fictile distortion.
Hardness trial gives the close surface features of a stuff therefore it is a good experimental trial for measuring the coating belongingss. Micro hardness gives the belongings of the surface of about micrometers of deepness and nano-indentation gives information of the surface of deepness nanometers.
The general principal of this trial is to indenting the surface of a stuff and by mensurating the geometry of the feeling the hardness of the stuff would be determined. There are a figure of techniques that based on the forms of the indenter and applied burden. Some celebrated techniques are Vickers hardness, Berkovich hardness and Knoop hardness. Of the three mentioned techniques Vickers and Berkovich are used extensively in particular that the geometry of the indenter are designed so that the consequences can be straight compared with each other.
Scaning Electron Microscope ( SEM )
The scanning negatron microscope is a type of negatron microscope that images the sample with bring forthing a high energy beam of negatrons. Different types of signals which are produced by SEM include secondary negatrons ( SE ) , backscattered negatrons, characteristic X ray. The interaction between the produced signals from SEM and atoms of the close surface of the sample generate images.
Secondary negatrons from specimen has it ‘s ain characteristic X ray, therefore these negatrons are used with aid EDX analysis to function of stuff of coating or the substrate.
Experimental methods:
Hardness theoretical accounts can be categorised in two ways:
System theoretical accounts: this theoretical account separates the measured contact response into parts from surfacing and substrate without elaborate intervention of the distortion mechanisms in each.
Mechanistic theoretical accounts: this theoretical account considers the consequence of a given distortion mechanism on the measured contact response.
Hardness proving
The hardness trial for our given test specimen was done on the Vickers hardness examiner. The Vickers hardness trial uses diamond indenter which is in the signifier of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136A° between the opposite faces. This indenter is forced into the stuff under the big scope of changing burden F, which is 1000, 500, 300, 200, 100, 50, 25. When the burden is removed from the stuff, two diagonals d1 and d2 are calculated utilizing a built in microscope and their average ‘d ‘ is calculated, utilizing the value of vitamin D, the inclining country of the indenture is calculated. The Vickers hardness is therefore calculated by spliting the burden applied with the inclining country of the indenture.
Vickers hardness =HV
F = Load in Kilogram-force ( kgf )
D = Arithmetic mean if 2 diagonals d1 and d2 in millimeters
Abrasion testing:
The status of scratch trial are mentioned as below:
ST-200 Scratch examiner
Initial load:10 ( N )
Final load:100 ( N )
Load rate:100 ( N/min )
Table velocity: 10 ( mm/min )
Entire length:9 ( millimeter )
Initial accommodation for the trial:
First clean the sample with solution so wipe it with soft tissue and let the sample to dry for 3 proceedingss.
Then the sample is clamped steadfastly in the center of the frictionless tabular array so therefore the burden will be distributed homogeneously on the tabular array and the sample should be degree as possible.
The sample is placed under the diamond indenter by traveling the frictionless tabular array.
The tabular array can be adjusted perpendicular to the abrasion way utilizing manual interlingual rendition tabular array. Revolve the tabular array until the sample is right positioned under the indenter.
Scratch trial informations is in footings of electromotive forces, which is converted to applied burden, stop burden and clash coefficient to obtain a secret plan of clash coefficient v/s burden.
With thorough analysis of abrasion in SEM failure manner and critical burden at which surfacing fails are determined.
Scaning Electron Microscopy:
SEM used to detect clefts in indenture. Assorted images of clefts, indenture and abrasion have been taken in SEM.
With aid of EDX analysis surfacing stuff is identified.
Detectors used in SEM are
Everhart-Thornely secondary negatron sensor
Solid-state 4-quadrant sensor for Back-scattered negatrons
As specimen is metal speed uping electromotive force is between 15-20kV.
Consequences and reading:
Coating and substrate stuff:
From EDX analysis surfacing stuff is found out to be CrN.
Besides substrate stuff is tool steel consisting of,
Component
Weight %
Atomic %
C K
13.58
43.81
S K
2.06
2.49
V K
3.34
2.54
Cr K
3.72
2.77
Mn K
0.45
0.32
Fe K
66.08
45.83
W M
9.36
1.97
Pb M
1.40
0.26
Sums
100.00
Hardness trial:
Test data-
The indenture Markss for different tonss
Average informations obtained from Vickers hardness trial
Load ( gf )
avg D1 ( Aµm )
avg D2 ( Aµm )
avg Hv
1000
44.9
45.8
900.67
500
32.4
32.56
883.5
300
24.8
25.55
877.33
200
19.8
20.83
898.5
100
14.2
14.5
894.67
50
10.2
10.31
880.83
25
7.28
7.2
884
The graph of composite hardness v/s burden
The curve displayed here is non ideal hardness v/s burden curve.
There is a sudden leap in hardness value at tonss 100 and 200gf.
This difference may hold occurred due to misreading of indenture diagonals.
Hardness of substrate:
At high burden of 1000gf indenter perforate the substrate,
Therefore approximative hardness of substrate is 900.67Hv.
Hardness of Coating:
At low burden of 25gf indenter penetrates merely in the coating,
Therefore approximative hardness of coating is 884Hv.
Images of indentures at assorted tonss:
1 kgf burden in SE and BSE
500 gf burden in SE and BSE
300 gf burden in SE and BSE
200 & A ; 100 gf in BSE
50 & A ; 25 gf in BSE
At higher tons surfacing distortion is dominated by checking, we can see a nested structre of clefts around margin of indenture.
As burden decreases clefts largely occurs near the borders of indenture.
At low tonss such as 50gf and 25gf it is difficult to detect cleft formation in the indenture due to low declaration.
Scratch trial:
From the image obtained from SEM it is clear that surfacing fails at about 2.37mm before the abrasion ends.
Therefore approximative critical burden Lc = 76.3N.
Following graph shows tendencies of the values obtained from the trials:
Images obtained from SEM are:
Figure
Figure clefts in the abrasion
Figure recovery spallation in abrasion
Figure longitudinal clefts in abrasion
Figure failure of coating
From the SEM analysis and comparing with the ‘Atlas of Scratch Test Failure Mode ‘ failure manner in the coating due to rub trial is observed as Longitudinal clefts at the boundary lines of the abrasion path.
Depth of coating:
Figure Thickness of surfacing
From SEM thickness of coating is measured as 300Aµm.
Decision
With the aid of EDX analysis surfacing stuff is found out as CrN
It ‘s approximative hardness as per Vickers hardness trial informations is 884Hv
Substrate stuff is Tool Steel with approximative hardness 900.67Hv
As per abrasion trial informations critical burden at which surfacing fails is 76.3N
Thickness of coating is 300Aµm
